CO₂ is typically monitored between patient and anesthesia administration system

 In 1978, Holland was the first country to adopt capnography as a standard of monitoring during anesthesia. This is probably due to the relentless work of Kalenda and his colleagues. The American Society of Anesthesiologists, as well several other societies ensuring quality of anesthesia care in their respective countries, have also adopted capnography as an integral part of anesthesia monitoring armamentarium. 

The reasons are as follows: 

During anesthesia, there is an interplay between two components; the patient and the anesthesia administration device which is usually a circuit and a ventilator. The critical connection between the two components is either an endotracheal tube, LMA or a mask and the CO₂ is typically monitored at this junction. In expired respiratory gases, capnography directly reflects the elimination of CO₂ by the lungs to the anesthesia device. Indirectly, it reflects the production of CO₂ by tissues and the circulatory transport of CO₂ to the lungs. Thus capnography is an important non-invasive technique that provides information about CO₂ production, pulmonary perfusion and alveolar ventilation, respiratory patterns as well as elimination of CO₂ from the anesthesia circuit and ventilator. Capnography provides a rapid and reliable method to detect life-threatening conditions (malposition of tracheal tubes, unsuspected ventilatory failure, circulatory failure and defective breathing circuits) and to circumvent potentially irreversible patient injury. Studies on the evaluation of anesthesia accidents and related injuries have demonstrated that adverse respiratory events such as hypoventilation, esophageal intubation and circuit disconnection represent a major source of patient injury and financial liability in anesthetic practice. Capnography has been shown to be effective in early detection of these adverse events.

Moreover, it was concluded from an ASA closed claim analysis study (Tinker et al. Anesthesiology 1989;71:541-6) that the application of capnography and pulse oximetry together could have helped in the prevention of 93% of avoidable anesthesia mishaps. Hence it is logical to recommend the use of capnography to increase the safety of anesthesia in an effort to detect anesthesia-related accidents before irreversible damage is done to the patient. Cote et al (Can Anaesth Soc. J 1986;33:315-20) used expired carbon dioxide measurements to assess the adequacy of initial alveolar ventilation and to document intraoperative airway events and metabolic trends. Three hundred thirty-one children were studied. Thirty-five intraoperative events were diagnosed by continuous end-tidal CO₂ monitoring; 20 were potentially life-threatening problems (malignant hyperthermia, circuit disconnection or leak, equipment failure, accidental extubation, endobronchial intubation, or kinked tube). Only two of these events were detected clinically. They therefore concluded that quantitative measurement of PETCO₂ provides an early warning of potentially catastrophic anesthetic mishaps. 

Further reading: 

Bhavani Shankar K et al 1992;39:617-32. 

Cote CJ et al Anesthesiology 1991;74:980-7. 

Kalenda Z. Mastering infrared capnography. The Netherlands:Kerckebosch-Zeist, 1989. 

Caplan RA et al 1990;72:828-33 Cooper JB et al 1984;60:34-42. 

Eichhorn JH. Anesthesiology 1989;70:572-7. 

Tinker JH et al. Anesthesiology 1989;71:541-6. 

Birmingham PK et al. Anesth Analg 1986;65:886-9 

Linko K et al. Acta Anesthesiol Scand 1983;27:199-202.