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Encyclopedia of capnograms Bhavani Shankar Kodali MD |
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Capnograms
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Normal adult capnograms |
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Pregnant capnograms |
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Capnograms in infants and children |
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Airway obstruction / Bronchospasm |
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Ventilation Normal ventilation Spontaneous ventilation Hyperventilation Hypoventilation IMV Apnea Ripple effect Curare cleft
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Rebreathing
capnograms
Bain circuit/Mapelson D Exhausted soda lime Inspiratory valve malfunction Expiratory valve malfunction |
| Metabolic
capnograms
Malignant hyperpyrexia Hypothermia |
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| Cardiac output and capnograms |
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Equipment
malfunction
Sampling leaks Valve malfunctions Exhausted soda lime Circuit disconnection Partial disconnection of main-stream CO2 sensor Slow response analyzers zeroing monitor warming up monitor Dilution of end-tidal carbon dioxide by FGF |
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Esophageal
intubation
Lung transplantation Severe kyphoscoliosis Endobronchial intubation Downward sloping phase III-Emphysema |
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Air Embolism |
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Thrombo Embolism |
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Carbon dioxide Embolism |
